Which factor can cause secondary succession?

Secondary succession can be caused by several factors that disturb an existing ecosystem but do not completely destroy it. These factors include:

1. Natural Disasters: Events such as wildfires, hurricanes, floods, or tornadoes can damage an ecosystem, leading to secondary succession as the area begins to recover.

2. Human Activities: Activities like deforestation, agriculture, or construction can disturb an ecosystem, prompting secondary succession when the land is abandoned or left to recover.

3. Pest Infestations: An outbreak of pests or diseases can kill off certain species within an ecosystem, allowing new species to establish and grow.

4. Climate Change: Changes in climate can alter the conditions of an ecosystem, leading to shifts in species composition and secondary succession.

5. Animal Activities: Overgrazing by animals can damage vegetation, leading to changes in the ecosystem and secondary succession.

These factors create conditions that allow new species to colonize and establish, leading to changes in the ecosystem over time.