Describe the four kingdoms that comprise the domain Eukarya.

The domain Eukarya is one of the three domains of life, and it includes organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus. The four kingdoms that comprise the domain Eukarya are:

1. Protista:

   • Characteristics: This kingdom is diverse and includes mostly unicellular organisms, but some are multicellular. Protists can be autotrophic (like algae) or heterotrophic (like protozoans).
   • Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, and various types of algae.
   • Habitat: They are usually found in aquatic environments, both freshwater and marine.

2. Fungi:

   • Characteristics: Fungi are primarily multicellular (except for yeasts, which are unicellular). They are heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients through absorption. They have cell walls made of chitin.
   • Examples: Mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
   • Role: Fungi play a crucial role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

3. Plantae:

   • Characteristics: This kingdom includes multicellular, autotrophic organisms that perform photosynthesis using chlorophyll. They have cell walls made of cellulose.
   • Examples: Trees, flowers, ferns, and mosses.
   • Importance: Plants are primary producers in ecosystems, providing oxygen and food for other organisms.

4. Animalia:

   • Characteristics: Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that typically have a complex structure and organization. They lack cell walls and are capable of movement at some stage of their life cycle.
   • Examples: Insects, birds, mammals, and fish.
   • Diversity: The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse, with species adapted to nearly every environment on Earth.

These kingdoms represent the major groups of eukaryotic life, each with unique characteristics and roles in the biosphere.