All of the following affect holding costs except:a.insurance costb.storage costsc.obsolescence costd.setup coste.damage cost

The answer is d. Setup cost.

Here's why:

a. Insurance cost: This is a part of holding cost because you need to insure the goods that you are holding in the inventory.

b. Storage costs: These are also part of holding costs because you need to pay for the space to store the goods.

c. Obsolescence cost: This is a part of holding cost because if goods are held for too long in the inventory, they may become obsolete.

d. Setup cost: This is not a part of holding cost. Setup costs are the costs to prepare a machine or process for manufacturing. They are not related to holding inventory.

e. Damage cost: This is a part of holding cost because goods held in inventory can be damaged.