Which data model is independent of both hardware and DBMS?a.Externalb.Internalc.Conceptuald.All of thsess

Break Down the Problem

1. Identify the characteristics of each data model option.
2. Determine which model is independent of both hardware and DBMS.

Relevant Concepts

• External Model: This model represents how users view the data. It is specific to user applications, so it's not independent of hardware and DBMS.
• Internal Model: This model describes how data is physically stored in the database. It is highly dependent on the hardware.
• Conceptual Model: This model provides a complete view of the entire database structure independent of hardware and software.

Analysis and Detail

1. The External Model is user-specific and thus can change based on user requirements and technical implementations.
2. The Internal Model is committed to the physical aspects, relating directly to how data is stored, making it dependent on hardware.
3. The Conceptual Model serves as a bridge between the user's view and the physical storage, encapsulating data entities and relationships without being tied to physical storage specifics.

Verify and Summarize

The only model that is independent of both hardware and DBMS is the Conceptual Model. The other two models are influenced by user requirements and hardware specifics, respectively.

Final Answer

c. Conceptual