A term named for a person or a place, such as Alzheimer disease named for the physician who first described the symptoms as seen in a patient, is

The term you are looking for is "eponym." An eponym is a word derived from the name of a person, often used to describe a disease, discovery, or concept that is associated with that individual. For example, "Alzheimer's disease" is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who first identified the symptoms and characteristics of the disease in a patient in the early 20th century. Eponyms are commonly used in various fields, including medicine, literature, and science, to honor the contributions of individuals. They serve as a reminder of the historical context of certain terms and help in the classification and understanding of various phenomena by linking them to recognized figures in history.