The structures for dispersal of spores in Bryophyta include:

1. Elaters: These are long, thin cells usually found in the sporangium (the spore-producing structure) of liverworts and hornworts. They are hygroscopic, meaning they respond to changes in humidity. When the air is dry, elaters twist and turn, helping to launch the spores into the air for dispersal.

2. Pseudoelaters: These are similar to elaters but are found in some species of liverworts. They are not as active as true elaters and do not twist or turn. However, they can still aid in spore dispersal by swelling and pushing the spores out of the sporangium.

3. Peristomial teeth: These are found in mosses. The peristome is a ring of specialized cells around the mouth of the sporangium. The cells can move in response to changes in humidity, opening to release spores when the air is dry and closing when it is humid. This helps to ensure that the spores are released under conditions that are favorable for their survival and dispersal.

So, the answer is "All the above".

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The structures for dispersal of spores in Bryophyta include:

1. Elaters: These are long, thin cells usually found in the sporangium (the spore-producing structure) of liverworts and hornworts. They are hygroscopic, meaning they respond to changes in humidity. When the air is dry, elaters twist and turn, helping to launch the spores into the air for dispersal.

2. Pseudoelaters: These are similar to elaters but are found in some species of liverworts. They are not as active as true elaters and do not twist or turn. However, they can still aid in spore dispersal by swelling and pushing the spores out of the sporangium.

3. Peristomial teeth: These are found in mosses. The peristome is a ring of specialized cells around the mouth of the sporangium. The cells can move in response to changes in humidity, opening to release spores when the air is dry and closing when it is humid. This helps to ensure that the spores are released under conditions that are favorable for their survival and dispersal.

So, the answer is "All the above".

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The structures for dispersal of spores in Bryophyta include:

1. Elaters: These are long, thin cells usually found in the sporangium (the spore-producing structure) of liverworts and hornworts. They are hygroscopic, meaning they respond to changes in humidity. When the air is dry, elaters twist and turn, helping to launch the spores into the air for dispersal.

2. Pseudoelaters: These are similar to elaters but are found in some species of liverworts. They are not as active as true elaters and do not twist or turn. However, they can still aid in spore dispersal by swelling and pushing the spores out of the sporangium.

3. Peristomial teeth: These are found in mosses. The peristome is a ring of specialized cells around the mouth of the sporangium. The cells can move in response to changes in humidity, opening to release spores when the air is dry and closing when it is humid. This helps to ensure that the spores are released under conditions that are favorable for their survival and dispersal.

So, the answer is "All the above".

Structures for dispersal of spores in bryophyta are :-ElatersPseudoelatersPeristomial teethAll the above

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Structures for dispersal of spores in bryophyta are :-

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