2. In a well composed essay, detail the effects that the invention of modern aircraft had on total war.

The invention of modern aircraft had profound effects on total war, transforming the nature of conflict in several key ways.

1. Introduction: Begin your essay by introducing the topic. Discuss the invention of modern aircraft and its significance in the context of warfare. You could mention how warfare was primarily land and sea-based before the advent of aircraft.

2. Air Superiority: One of the most significant impacts of modern aircraft was the concept of air superiority. This meant that whichever side could dominate the skies had a significant advantage in terms of reconnaissance, bombing enemy positions, and defending their own territory. Discuss how this changed strategies and tactics in warfare.

3. Bombing Campaigns: With the invention of aircraft, bombing campaigns became a significant part of total war. Cities and industrial centers could be targeted from the air, causing massive destruction and civilian casualties. This was a major shift from previous wars, where battles were primarily fought in specific battlefields.

4. Mobility and Speed: Aircraft increased the speed and mobility of warfare. Troops and supplies could be transported quickly across large distances. This allowed for rapid deployment and surprise attacks, changing the dynamics of war.

5. Psychological Warfare: The use of aircraft also introduced a new element of psychological warfare. The threat of air raids and bombings created fear and uncertainty among the civilian population, affecting morale and public support for the war.

6. Conclusion: Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points. Discuss how the invention of modern aircraft fundamentally changed the nature of total war, leading to new strategies, tactics, and challenges.

Remember to provide specific examples and evidence to support your points throughout the essay.