If two switches are connected in series, then ____ of the switches has/have to be on in order for the output F to be a 1

Both of the switches have to be on in order for the output F to be a 1.

Here's why:

1. In a series circuit, current (or signal) has only one path to follow.

2. If one switch is off, it breaks the path of the current (or signal).

3. Therefore, in order for the current (or signal) to reach the output (F), both switches must be on.

4. If both switches are on, the path is complete and the output F will be 1.

5. If either or both switches are off, the path is broken and the output F will be 0.