Following Christopher Columbus' arrival in North American in 1492, violence and disease killed ______________% of the indigenous population.

Following Christopher Columbus' arrival in North America in 1492, violence and disease led to a significant decline in the indigenous population. It is estimated that between 50% to 90% of the indigenous population perished due to these factors. The exact percentage can vary based on the region and the specific populations considered. Historians often cite a figure around 90% for some groups, especially in the Caribbean, due to the rapid spread of European diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles to which the indigenous peoples had no immunity. This catastrophic decline was also compounded by violence and conflict with European colonizers, leading to a drastic reduction in the population and the disruption of their societies.