Can the microprocessor differentiate whether it is reading from memory-mapped input port or from memory?

No, the microprocessor cannot differentiate whether it is reading from a memory-mapped input port or from memory. This is because, in a memory-mapped I/O system, the same address space is shared between the memory and I/O devices. The microprocessor communicates with both the memory and I/O devices using the same bus system. Therefore, it cannot inherently distinguish between the two.

However, the differentiation can be made through the design of the system's software. The software can be written in such a way that certain addresses are reserved for I/O operations and others for memory operations. This way, when a microprocessor reads from a particular address, the system knows whether it is intended for an I/O operation or a memory operation based on the address being accessed.