Who developed the concept of determinism ?(1) Friedrich Ratzel(2) Ellsworth Huntington(3) Charles Darwin(4) Alexander von Humboldt

The concept of determinism, particularly in the context of geographical determinism, is most strongly associated with Friedrich Ratzel and his works. Ratzel believed that environmental factors greatly influence human behavior and societal development, which is a reflection of deterministic ideas. However, the term "determinism" in a broader philosophical sense has been discussed by various thinkers across different fields.

Out of the options given:

1. Friedrich Ratzel - Developed ideas related to geographic determinism.
2. Ellsworth Huntington - Known for his work on climate and human societies, but does not specifically define determinism.
3. Charles Darwin - Primarily associated with the theory of evolution and natural selection, not determinism.
4. Alexander von Humboldt - His work influenced environmental science but does not focus mainly on determinism.

Final Answer

The answer is (1) Friedrich Ratzel.