Which of the following countries used a decision making process called ringisei?A.SwedenB.ItalyC.JapanD.India

Answer

The decision-making process known as "ringisei" is primarily associated with Japan. It's a consensus-based approach to decision-making that involves a series of proposals, discussions, and approvals from multiple layers of management. The process ensures that all relevant stakeholders have input on decisions, leading to a collective agreement.

Here's a brief overview of how ringisei works:

1. Initiation: A proposal (or "ringi") is drafted by a lower-level employee or team. This initial document outlines the reasoning, details, and implications of the decision.

2. Circulation: The proposal is circulated among all relevant parties, including those who may not have direct influence but are impacted by the decision.

3. Feedback: Recipients provide feedback, suggestions, or endorsement, which are incorporated into the proposal.

4. Approval: Once all feedback has been considered, the final version of the proposal is submitted for approval by higher management.

5. Execution: After receiving the necessary approvals, the decision is implemented.

This decentralized and inclusive approach contrasts with more hierarchical decision-making processes found in many Western organizations.

Final Answer

C. Japan