Compare the computing paradigms. How are they operationally different? Explain.06

Computing paradigms refer to the methodology of implementing computer systems, which can be classified into several types such as procedural, object-oriented, functional, logic, and parallel computing.

1. Procedural Computing: This paradigm is based on the concept of procedure calls where a series of computational steps are executed to solve a problem. It is a top-down programming approach where the main task is divided into subtasks or functions. Examples include languages like C and Pascal.

2. Object-Oriented Computing: This paradigm is based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes), and code, in the form of procedures (often known as methods). It promotes greater flexibility and maintainability in programming. Examples include languages like Java, C++, and Python.

3. Functional Computing: This paradigm treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the procedural programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. Examples include languages like Haskell and Lisp.

4. Logic Computing: This paradigm is primarily used in AI and mathematical fields. It involves the use of logic to make deductions and inferences. It is based on formal logic and allows a program to be understood in terms of logical statements. Examples include languages like Prolog and SQL.

5. Parallel Computing: This paradigm is based on the concept that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently. It involves the simultaneous use of multiple compute resources to solve a computational problem. This can be achieved in languages like CUDA and OpenMP.

Operationally, these paradigms differ in how they approach problem-solving and program design. Procedural computing is about writing procedures or methods that operate on data, while object-oriented computing is about creating objects that contain both data and methods. Functional computing avoids state changes and mutable data, focusing on the application of functions. Logic computing uses formal logic to make deductions and inferences, and parallel computing involves solving problems by dividing them into smaller ones that can be solved concurrently.