The difference between voluntary and involuntary actions is based on ----------------.a.Resultsb.Happinessc.Intentionsd.Goals

To determine the correct answer, let’s analyze the options provided in relation to the concepts of voluntary and involuntary actions.

1. Understanding the terms:

   • Voluntary actions are those that are performed consciously and intentionally.
   • Involuntary actions occur without conscious control, often reflexive or automatic responses to stimuli.

2. Analyzing the options:

   • a. Results: This option focuses on outcomes, which does not distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions.
   • b. Happiness: While emotions can influence actions, they do not solely define the nature of voluntary versus involuntary actions.
   • c. Intentions: This option relates directly to whether an action is performed with awareness and purpose, which is the essence of voluntary actions.
   • d. Goals: Although goals can guide behavior, they do not specifically pertain to the immediacy or consciousness of the action itself.

3. Conclusion: Given that voluntary actions are driven by intentions while involuntary actions lack this conscious intent, the best choice is c. Intentions.

Final Answer

The difference between voluntary and involuntary actions is based on c. Intentions.