What are the main structural drivers of gender-based violence in general, and of sexual violence in particular?

Gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual violence are complex issues that are driven by a variety of structural factors. Here are some of the main structural drivers:

1. Patriarchy: This is a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. It involves male dominance and female subordination, which can lead to violence against women and girls.

2. Gender Inequality: This is a social condition where individuals are treated differently based on their gender. It can lead to discrimination and violence against women and girls. Gender inequality can be seen in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and political representation.

3. Social Norms: These are the accepted behaviors within a society or group. If a society has norms that condone or ignore violence against women, it can lead to an increase in GBV and sexual violence.

4. Economic Inequality: Women often have less access to economic resources than men, which can make them more vulnerable to violence. Economic inequality can also lead to situations where women are dependent on men for financial support, which can increase their risk of experiencing violence.

5. Legal Systems: In some countries, the legal system does not adequately protect women from violence. This can include laws that do not criminalize certain forms of violence against women, or laws that are not enforced.

6. Conflict and Crisis: In situations of conflict or crisis, rates of GBV and sexual violence often increase. This can be due to a breakdown in social structures, increased militarization, and a culture of violence and impunity.

7. Lack of Education: Education is a key factor in preventing GBV and sexual violence. Lack of education can lead to a lack of awareness about rights and legal protections, and can also contribute to the perpetuation of harmful gender norms.

8. Cultural Practices: Certain cultural practices and beliefs can contribute to GBV and sexual violence. This can include practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, and honor killings.

These structural drivers are interconnected and often reinforce each other. Addressing GBV and sexual violence therefore requires a comprehensive approach that tackles these underlying structural issues.