Which Southeast Asian country remained independent and uncolonized during the colonial era?

The Southeast Asian country that remained independent and uncolonized during the colonial era is Thailand. Throughout the colonial period, which saw many countries in Southeast Asia succumbing to European powers, Thailand (formerly known as Siam) managed to maintain its sovereignty. This was achieved through a combination of skilled diplomacy, modernization efforts, and strategic concessions. The Thai monarchy engaged in negotiations with colonial powers such as Britain and France, ensuring that Thailand could serve as a buffer state between the territories controlled by these nations. Consequently, it became one of the few countries in the region to avoid colonial rule, preserving its political independence and cultural identity.