which type of seismic waves cause damage to buildings

Seismic waves that cause damage to buildings are primarily surface waves, which include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. These waves travel along the Earth's surface and have a larger amplitude and longer duration than body waves, making them more destructive.

• Love Waves: These waves cause horizontal shearing of the ground, which can severely damage the foundations and structures of buildings.

• Rayleigh Waves: These waves produce a rolling motion, similar to ocean waves, which can lead to both vertical and horizontal ground movement, causing significant structural damage.

Both types of surface waves are slower than body waves (P-waves and S-waves) but are typically more damaging due to their higher energy and longer duration at the Earth's surface.