Explain why the distribution of mineral and freshwater resources is uneven in the Earth system. (5 Marks)

Geological Factors (1 Mark): The distribution of mineral resources is largely determined by geological processes. These processes include plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and erosion, which can concentrate minerals in certain areas. For example, gold and diamond deposits are often found in areas of past or current volcanic activity.

Climatic Factors (1 Mark): Freshwater resources are influenced by climatic factors. Areas with high rainfall, such as tropical regions, have more freshwater resources in the form of rivers and lakes. In contrast, arid regions like deserts have fewer freshwater resources.

Human Factors (1 Mark): Human activities also affect the distribution of these resources. Mining can deplete mineral resources in an area, while pollution can contaminate freshwater resources. Additionally, population growth and urbanization can increase demand for these resources, further affecting their distribution.

Technological Factors (1 Mark): The ability to extract and use resources is also a factor. Advances in technology can make it possible to extract minerals from areas where it was previously not feasible, changing the distribution of these resources. Similarly, technology can enable the treatment and use of water resources in areas where it was previously not possible.

Environmental Factors (1 Mark): Environmental factors such as the presence of vegetation and soil type can affect the availability and quality of freshwater resources. For example, areas with dense vegetation tend to have better water quality due to natural filtration processes. Similarly, the presence of certain types of soil can affect the availability of groundwater resources.