What type of bonding can be found in crystalline solids? A. Ionic bonding B. Covalent bonding C. Metallic bonding D. All of the above

The correct answer is:

D. All of the above

Explanation:

1. Ionic bonding: This type of bonding occurs in crystalline solids where there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions. These ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces. An example of a crystalline solid with ionic bonding is sodium chloride (NaCl).

2. Covalent bonding: In this type of bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. This type of bonding can be found in crystalline solids such as diamond, where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral structure.

3. Metallic bonding: This type of bonding is found in metals, where atoms share a "sea" of delocalized electrons that are free to move throughout the entire structure. This allows metals to conduct electricity and heat. An example of a crystalline solid with metallic bonding is copper (Cu).

Therefore, all three types of bonding—ionic, covalent, and metallic—can be found in crystalline solids.