Briefly describe the three primary types of mobile wallet apps and identify the examples of each type.

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1. Closed Wallet Apps: These are mobile wallet apps that are issued by companies for in-house use only. Customers can use these apps to purchase goods and services from the issuing company only. An example of this type of mobile wallet is the Starbucks app, which customers can use to pay for purchases at Starbucks stores.

2. Semi-Closed Wallet Apps: These mobile wallet apps are more flexible than closed wallet apps. They allow customers to make transactions with multiple merchants. However, they do not permit cash withdrawal or redemption. Examples of semi-closed wallet apps include Paytm and MobiKwik.

3. Open Wallet Apps: These are the most flexible type of mobile wallet apps. They are issued by banks or have tie-ups with banks. They allow users to make purchases, as well as withdraw cash at ATMs or banks. They also allow for money transfer between users. Examples of open wallet apps include Google Pay and Apple Pay.