What name is given to any changes to the original data such as users manually modifying data, programs processing and changing data, and equipment failures?

The name given to changes made to the original data, which can occur through various means such as users manually modifying data, programs processing data that result in modifications, and failures of equipment, is referred to as "data alteration" or "data corruption."

Data alteration encompasses any intentional or unintentional changes that affect the integrity and accuracy of the data. For instance, when users intentionally edit records or when automated processes alter data during execution, these changes may be beneficial or could lead to inconsistencies, depending on the context and manner of alteration.

On the other hand, data corruption often refers to unintended modifications caused by issues like hardware failures, power outages, software bugs, or system malfunctions. Such corruption can lead to data loss or create significant problems in databases or data management systems.

In information security, preserving data integrity involves using checksums, error detection mechanisms, and regular backups to mitigate risks associated with both data alteration and corruption. Thus, understanding and monitoring these transformations are crucial for maintaining reliable and trustworthy data systems.