Principle of paired factorsPrinciple of dominanceLaw of segregationLaw of independent assortment

It seems like you're asking for explanations of several principles and laws related to genetics. Here they are:

1. Principle of Paired Factors: This principle, proposed by Gregor Mendel, states that genes exist in pairs. In sexually reproducing organisms, individuals have two versions of each gene, one inherited from each parent.

2. Principle of Dominance: This is another principle from Mendel's work. It states that one gene in a pair can mask the presence of the other. This dominant gene determines the organism's appearance, while the other gene, known as the recessive gene, is hidden.

3. Law of Segregation: This law states that the two genes in a pair separate from each other, or segregate, during the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs). As a result, each gamete carries only one gene from each pair.

4. Law of Independent Assortment: This law states that genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of an allele for one trait does not affect the inheritance of an allele for another trait. However, this law applies only to genes located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.