It is the assumption that the independent variable has had no effect.Select one:a.null hypothesisb.alternative hypothesisc.type II errord.type I error

Step 1: Break Down the Problem

The question requires identifying which option represents the assumption that the independent variable has had no effect in a statistical hypothesis test.

Step 2: Relevant Concepts

• Null Hypothesis (H0): This is a statement that assumes no effect or no difference in the context of a statistical test.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1): This asserts that there is an effect or a difference.
• Type I Error: This occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected when it is actually true.
• Type II Error: This happens when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false.

Step 3: Analysis and Detail

• The null hypothesis is fundamental in hypothesis testing as it serves as a default position that there is no relationship between the two measured phenomena.

Step 4: Verify and Summarize

Based on statistical conventions, the assumption that there is no effect from the independent variable is encapsulated in the null hypothesis.

Final Answer

a. null hypothesis