What is the difference between a trend, a cycle and a seasonal pattern? (30–100 words)

A trend refers to the long-term movement in data over time, indicating a general direction (upward or downward). It is often identified in a period that lasts for years or decades. A cycle, on the other hand, involves fluctuations occurring at irregular intervals, typically influenced by economic factors, lasting from several years to decades. This pattern often aligns with the business cycle, showing expansion and contraction. In contrast, a seasonal pattern reflects regular and predictable changes that occur at specific intervals, such as months or quarters, influenced by seasonal factors like weather or holidays. Understanding these differences is vital for analyzing time-series data effectively.