List one hemodynamic indice that is increased  in patients with CB and Emphysema patients and a cause (2 answers)

One hemodynamic index that is increased in patients with chronic bronchitis (CB) and emphysema is pulmonary artery pressure.

Causes:

1. Increased Vascular Resistance: In chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation and mucus hypersecretion lead to luminal narrowing in the airways, causing increased resistance to airflow. This results in pulmonary vasoconstriction and an elevation in pulmonary artery pressure as the right ventricle works harder to pump blood through the lungs.

2. Destruction of Lung Parenchyma: In emphysema, destruction of the alveoli reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. This results in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels), which similarly causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels. Over time, this sustained elevation in pressure within the pulmonary circulation leads to increased pulmonary artery pressure.

Both conditions ultimately reflect increased workload on the right heart and can contribute to right heart failure if not managed properly.