How does David Gauthier define and conceptualize morality in his philosophical works?

David Gauthier conceptualizes morality primarily through the lens of his social contract theory, particularly in his influential work, "Morals by Agreement." Here are the key points of his definition and conceptualization of morality:

1. Morality as a Social Agreement: Gauthier posits that moral principles arise from agreements made among rational individuals. He suggests that morality is not merely a set of extrinsic rules but is grounded in the reasoned agreements of individuals seeking to cooperate for mutual benefit.

2. Rational Agents: He presumes that individuals are rational agents who act in their self-interest. However, he also argues that rationality leads them to recognize the benefits of abiding by moral principles, which foster cooperation and enhance individual interests over the long term.

3. Cooperative Strategies: Gauthier emphasizes the importance of cooperation in human interactions. He argues that moral rules can be understood as strategies that rational individuals would agree upon to maximize their interests in a cooperative society.

4. Prisoner's Dilemma Framework: He often utilizes the prisoner's dilemma to illustrate how individuals might achieve better outcomes through cooperation rather than pursuing their immediate self-interest. Morality, in this context, is necessary to ensure that cooperation is viable.

5. Moral Obligation: According to Gauthier, moral obligations arise from the agreements made in the social contract. Since these agreements are made by rational individuals for mutual benefit, adhering to them is seen as a rational obligation.

6. Constructivist Approach: Gauthier employs a constructivist approach to ethics, arguing that moral truths are constructively determined rather than simply discovered. This implies that moral standards evolve through the agreements individuals reach.

In summary, Gauthier defines morality as a construct that emerges from rational agreements among individuals seeking to optimize their interests through cooperation, framing moral principles as necessary strategies for fostering and maintaining social harmony.