Show by means of a diagram how you normally connect external batteries incommon base (i) p-n-p transistor and (ii) n-p-n transistor.

To explain how to connect external batteries to p-n-p and n-p-n transistors, I'll outline the connections using diagrams.

(i) Connection for P-N-P Transistor

1. Circuit Description:

   • For a P-N-P transistor, the emitter is connected to a higher positive voltage, while the collector is at a lower voltage. The base of the transistor controls the flow of current between the emitter and collector.

2. Diagram:

      +V (Battery)
       |
      ----
      |   |
      |   |
      |  E| (Emitter)
      |   |-------+
      |   |       |
      ----        |
       |          |
      | |        | |
      | |        | | (B) Base
       |          |
       |          |
      ----        ----
      |  C| (Collector)
      |   |
      |   |
      ----
       |
      -V (Ground)
   

(ii) Connection for N-P-N Transistor

1. Circuit Description:

   • For an N-P-N transistor, the emitter is connected to ground, and the collector is connected to a higher positive voltage. The base controls the current flow from collector to emitter.

2. Diagram:

      +V (Battery)
       |
      ----
      |   |
      |   |
      |  C| (Collector)
      |   |-------+
      |   |       |
      ----        |
       |          |
      | |        | |
      | |        | | (B) Base
       |          |
       |          |
      ----        ----
      |  E| (Emitter)
      |   |
      |   |
      ----
       |
      -V (Ground)
   

Summary

• The P-N-P transistor has the emitter connected to a positive voltage, with the collector connected to a lower voltage, and the base modulates current flow.
• The N-P-N transistor has the emitter connected to ground, the collector to a positive voltage, and the base controls current between collector and emitter.

These diagrams and descriptions illustrate how to connect external batteries with P-N-P and N-P-N transistors.