Three laws describing how forces affect the motion of objects were developed by

The three laws that describe how forces affect the motion of objects were developed by Sir Isaac Newton. These laws, known as Newton's Laws of Motion, are foundational principles in classical mechanics and are as follows:

1. Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by a net external force. This law describes the concept of inertia, which is the tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion.

2. Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied. This is commonly expressed with the equation $F = ma$, where $F$ is the net force acting on the object (in newtons), $m$ is the mass (in kilograms), and $a$ is the acceleration (in meters per second squared). This law quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.

3. Newton's Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that forces always occur in pairs; if one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first object.

These laws form a framework for understanding how objects behave when forces are applied and remain integral to the study of physics and engineering today.