Red-green color blindness and hemophilia are examples of ______, which are controlled by alleles on the sex chromosomes.

Red-green color blindness and hemophilia are examples of X-linked disorders, which are controlled by alleles on the sex chromosomes, specifically the X chromosome. These conditions are predominantly expressed in males, as they have only one X chromosome (XY sex chromosome configuration). If a male inherits an X chromosome with the allele for either red-green color blindness or hemophilia, he will express the disorder since there is no corresponding allele on the Y chromosome to counteract it.

In contrast, females (XX) have two X chromosomes, so they can be carriers if they have one affected X but may not express the disorder unless both X chromosomes carry the recessive allele. Consequently, these disorders provide a clear example of how certain genetic conditions can be linked to sex chromosomes, demonstrating the impact of genetics on gender and inheritance.