Alanson mentions the saying in science that "we stand on the shoulders of giants". In your own words, explain what this metaphor means.

The metaphor "we stand on the shoulders of giants" suggests that our current successes and knowledge in science, and indeed in many fields, are built upon the foundational work of those who came before us. It acknowledges that advancements are often made possible by the pioneering contributions of previous thinkers, researchers, and scholars who have expanded our understanding of the world.

By standing on their shoulders, we are elevated by the insights, discoveries, and theories they have provided, allowing us to reach greater heights in our own explorations and innovations. This metaphor embodies the collaborative nature of knowledge and emphasizes the importance of learning from past achievements while also inspiring future generations to push further into the unknown. Essentially, it highlights the interconnectedness of ideas and the collective progress of humanity in the pursuit of knowledge.