Which citation style(s) uses footnotes for in-text citations when citing books or articles instead of parenthetical citations?

The citation styles that use footnotes for in-text citations when citing books or articles instead of parenthetical citations are mainly the Chicago and Turabian styles.

1. Chicago Style: This style uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a bibliography at the end of the document. The footnote or endnote itself begins with the same number used in the body of the paper.

2. Turabian Style: This is essentially a simplified version of the Chicago Style, designed for students and researchers. It also uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a bibliography at the end of the document.

It's important to note that the choice of citation style can depend on the discipline. For instance, humanities disciplines often use the Chicago or Turabian styles, while social and natural sciences might use APA or MLA styles. Always check with your instructor or publisher for their preferred citation style.