e difference between voluntary and involuntary actions is based on ----------------.a.Goalsb.Resultsc.Happinessd.Intentions

Analyzing the Options

1. a. Goals: Voluntary actions are generally undertaken with some purpose or goal in mind, while involuntary actions occur without a conscious goal.
2. b. Results: While results may differ between voluntary and involuntary actions, they do not fundamentally differentiate the two types of actions.
3. c. Happiness: Happiness may arise from either voluntary or involuntary actions but does not serve as a defining factor between them.
4. d. Intentions: The primary distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions lies in the intentions behind them. Voluntary actions are performed with intent and consciousness, whereas involuntary actions occur without conscious intent.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, the difference between voluntary and involuntary actions is based on d. Intentions.