Which of the following is the worst type of module coupling?Select one:a.Control Couplingb.Stamp Couplingc.External Couplingd.Content Coupling

Sure, let's analyze each type of module coupling to determine which one is the worst:

1. Control Coupling:

   • This occurs when one module controls the flow of another by passing it information on what to do (e.g., passing a control flag).
   • This type of coupling can make the system harder to understand and maintain because the behavior of one module is dependent on the internal logic of another.

2. Stamp Coupling:

   • This occurs when modules share a composite data structure and use only a part of it.
   • This can lead to unnecessary dependencies and can make the system more complex and harder to maintain.

3. External Coupling:

   • This occurs when modules share an externally imposed data format, communication protocol, or device interface.
   • While this can introduce dependencies, it is often necessary for interacting with external systems and is generally more manageable than other forms of coupling.

4. Content Coupling:

   • This occurs when one module directly modifies or relies on the internal workings of another module (e.g., accessing local data of another module).
   • This is considered the worst type of coupling because it creates a high level of dependency and makes the system very fragile and difficult to maintain.

Given these explanations, the worst type of module coupling is:

d. Content Coupling

Content coupling is the most detrimental because it tightly binds the modules together, making changes in one module likely to cause issues in another, thus reducing the modularity and maintainability of the system.