2. Describe the function of each component of the periodontium, including the gingiva, periodontalligament, cementum and alveolar bone.

The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. The four components of the periodontium include gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone, each with its unique function.

1. Gingiva: The gingiva, also known as the gums, is the soft tissue that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth. Its primary function is to provide a seal around the teeth, which offers protection against the external environment and bacterial invasion.

2. Periodontal Ligament (PDL): The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum of a tooth to the alveolar bone. It helps in transmitting forces from the teeth to the bone, maintains the position of the tooth in the socket, and has a role in tooth eruption and sensation.

3. Cementum: Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. It provides attachment to the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament, helping to anchor the tooth in place. It also protects the root and serves to seal the tubules of the dentin, providing some insulation.

4. Alveolar Bone: The alveolar bone, also known as the alveolar process, is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets. It supports the teeth by forming a socket (or alveolus) to house the roots of the teeth, providing them with stability. It also undergoes constant remodeling in response to changes in the forces placed on the teeth.

In summary, each component of the periodontium plays a crucial role in supporting the teeth, protecting against external threats, and maintaining oral health.