Which of the following terms are also ways of describing observer bias? Select all that apply. 1 分Research biasPerception biasExperimenter biasSpectator bias

Observer bias refers to the tendency of a researcher or observer to see what they expect or want to see rather than what is actually there. This bias can lead to misinterpretations and affect the validity of research findings.

1. Research Bias: This term generally refers to systematic errors in study design or practice that can lead to incorrect conclusions. Observer bias is a form of research bias, so this term applies.

2. Perception Bias: This term can refer to the ways in which a person's previous experiences and expectations influence how they perceive information. Since observer bias is closely related to perception, this term also applies.

3. Experimenter Bias: This is directly related to observer bias, as it specifically refers to the biases that the researcher might bring to an experiment, affecting their observations and conclusions. This term applies.

4. Spectator Bias: This term is less commonly used within the context of research and does not have a recognized definition in relation to observer bias. Therefore, this term does not apply.

Summary of Applicable Terms

• Research bias: Applies
• Perception bias: Applies
• Experimenter bias: Applies
• Spectator bias: Does not apply

Thus, the applicable terms for describing observer bias are Research bias, Perception bias, and Experimenter bias.