Fragmentation may occur in both relocation- and segmentation-based address translation techniques

Yes, fragmentation can occur in both relocation and segmentation-based address translation techniques. Here's how:

1. Relocation: In this technique, the entire program and data are moved to a new location in the main memory. If the new location is not large enough to accommodate the program, fragmentation occurs. This can be either external fragmentation (when free memory blocks are scattered and not contiguous) or internal fragmentation (when allocated memory is slightly larger than requested memory).

2. Segmentation: This technique divides a program into several segments of different sizes, each of which can be located anywhere in the main memory. If these segments are not properly managed, they can lead to external fragmentation.

So, in both techniques, improper management of memory can lead to fragmentation.