All of the following CVD risk factors are modifiable EXCEPTfamily history of CVDcholesterol levelscigarette smokingphysical inactivity

To determine which cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor is not modifiable, let’s analyze the options given:

1. Family History of CVD: This refers to the genetic predisposition toward cardiovascular disease. It is a risk factor that cannot be changed or modified.

2. Cholesterol Levels: These can be modified through diet, exercise, medication, and lifestyle changes.

3. Cigarette Smoking: This is a modifiable risk factor; individuals can choose to quit smoking to reduce their CVD risk.

4. Physical Inactivity: This can also be modified through lifestyle changes, including increasing physical activity and exercise.

Conclusion

The only factor listed that is not modifiable is family history of CVD. This factor is determined by genetics and cannot be changed, whereas the other factors can be influenced or altered through lifestyle and personal choices.