As determined by the Human Genome Project, the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding .

The Human Genome Project, a large-scale research initiative, has determined that the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding genes. Here are the steps that led to this conclusion:

1. Mapping: The first step in the Human Genome Project was to physically map the human genome. This involved determining the physical locations of genes on each chromosome.

2. Sequencing: Once the physical map was complete, the next step was to sequence the DNA. This involved determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA.

3. Analysis: After the DNA was sequenced, the next step was to analyze the data. This involved identifying the genes (the parts of the genome that encode proteins) and determining their functions.

4. Verification: The final step was to verify the findings. This involved comparing the human genome to the genomes of other species and to the genomes of other humans.

Through these steps, the Human Genome Project determined that the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding genes.