Fill in the blank: Modeling other operational expenses also includes marketing and _____ marketing.

The appropriate term to fill in the blank would be "advertising." The completed sentence reads: "Modeling other operational expenses also includes marketing and advertising."

Marketing and advertising are vital components of a business's operational strategy. While marketing encompasses the broader strategies aimed at promoting products and services, understanding consumer behavior, and building brand loyalty, advertising specifically refers to the paid tactics used to communicate those marketing messages to a targeted audience. Together, they play crucial roles in driving sales and establishing a market presence. By effectively modeling these expenses, organizations can better evaluate their return on investment and optimize their budget allocations to maximize growth and profitability.