The Constitution of India guaranteed formal equality and radical social reforms

The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, laid the foundation for a democratic framework that enshrines fundamental rights and guarantees formal equality for all its citizens.

1. Formal Equality: The concept of formal equality is expressed through provisions that promote equal treatment under the law. Article 14 of the Constitution states that "the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India." This means that everyone, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or social status, is entitled to the same rights and legal protection.

2. Radical Social Reforms: The Constitution also incorporates measures aimed at eradicating social inequalities and injustices. Articles 15 and 17 are particularly noteworthy. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, while Article 17 abolishes "untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form. These reforms were essential for addressing historical inequalities, particularly those faced by marginalized communities.

3. Affirmative Action: The Constitution incorporates provisions for affirmative action, such as reservations in education and employment for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. This is a significant step towards achieving social justice and ensuring that the benefits of development reach historically disadvantaged sections of society.

4. Judicial Interventions: The judiciary in India plays a crucial role in interpreting the constitutional provisions related to equality and social reform. Landmark judgments have expanded the scope of fundamental rights and ensured that the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity are upheld.

In summary, the Indian Constitution embodies both formal equality and radical social reforms, aiming to create a just society by eliminating discrimination and promoting the rights of all citizens. This dual approach is vital for fostering a more equitable and inclusive nation.