a) Explain Walt Rostow’s iive (5) phases of development. (10 Marks) ”b) Compare and contrast Dependency and World Systemstheories.

a) Walt Rostow's Five Phases of Development:

1. Traditional Society: This is the initial stage where the economy is predominantly agrarian and subsistence-based. There is a lack of scientific understanding of the environment and technology is primitive.

2. Pre-conditions for Take-off: In this phase, there is a change in the mindset of the society towards the adoption of technology and scientific methods in production. Infrastructure starts to improve and a more productive agricultural sector emerges.

3. Take-off: This is the transition phase where the economy shifts from being agriculture-based to an industrial one. There is a surge in investment and industrialization begins to contribute more to the economy.

4. Drive to Maturity: The economy diversifies into different areas. Technology permeates all sectors of the economy and there is a rise in the level of productivity and income.

5. Age of High Mass Consumption: This is the final stage where the economy is characterized by mass consumption of goods and services. The industrial sector is fully developed and there is a shift towards the service sector.

b) Dependency Theory vs World Systems Theory:

Dependency Theory posits that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped states to wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It argues that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structures of their own.

World Systems Theory, on the other hand, emphasizes the interconnections among countries in a global system. It categorizes countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery nations. Core countries are dominant capitalist countries, semi-periphery countries are industrializing and export a lot but also import from core countries, and periphery countries are dependent on core countries and are usually less developed.

While both theories acknowledge the inequality in international relations, Dependency Theory focuses on the bilateral relationships between countries, whereas World Systems Theory looks at the global system as a whole.