A research proposal should include ................Optionsresearch designNoneAll of the abovehypothesis

Sure, let's break down the question step by step.

1. Understanding the Question: The question is asking what a research proposal should include, and it provides multiple-choice options.

2. Options Provided:

   • research design
   • None
   • All of the above
   • hypothesis

3. Analyzing Each Option:

   • Research Design: This is a crucial part of a research proposal. It outlines the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing data.
   • None: This option suggests that none of the items listed are necessary for a research proposal, which is incorrect.
   • All of the above: This option would be correct if all the items listed (research design and hypothesis) are necessary components of a research proposal.
   • Hypothesis: This is also an important part of a research proposal. It provides a statement that can be tested through research.

4. Conclusion: Both "research design" and "hypothesis" are essential components of a research proposal. Therefore, the correct answer is:

   All of the above

A research proposal should include both a research design and a hypothesis, among other elements.