a. ATP and GTP: These are synthesized through a process called nucleotide biosynthesis. The balance is maintained by feedback inhibition, where the end product inhibits the first step of the pathway. For ATP, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is inhibited when ATP levels are high, preventing further synthesis. For GTP, the enzyme guanylate cyclase is inhibited when GTP levels are high.

b. CTP and UTP: These are synthesized from UMP (uridine monophosphate). The enzyme CTP synthetase converts UTP to CTP. This enzyme is activated by GTP and inhibited by CTP, ensuring a balance between the two.

c. Purines and pyrimidines: The synthesis of these is also controlled by feedback inhibition. The first enzyme in the purine synthesis pathway, PRPP amidotransferase, is inhibited by the end products (AMP, GMP, and IMP). The first enzyme in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, is activated by ATP and inhibited by UTP. This ensures a balance between purine and pyrimidine synthesis.

Question

a. ATP and GTP: These are synthesized through a process called nucleotide biosynthesis. The balance is maintained by feedback inhibition, where the end product inhibits the first step of the pathway. For ATP, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is inhibited when ATP levels are high, preventing further synthesis. For GTP, the enzyme guanylate cyclase is inhibited when GTP levels are high.

b. CTP and UTP: These are synthesized from UMP (uridine monophosphate). The enzyme CTP synthetase converts UTP to CTP. This enzyme is activated by GTP and inhibited by CTP, ensuring a balance between the two.

c. Purines and pyrimidines: The synthesis of these is also controlled by feedback inhibition. The first enzyme in the purine synthesis pathway, PRPP amidotransferase, is inhibited by the end products (AMP, GMP, and IMP). The first enzyme in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, is activated by ATP and inhibited by UTP. This ensures a balance between purine and pyrimidine synthesis.

Knowee AI · Accepted Answer

a. ATP and GTP: These are synthesized through a process called nucleotide biosynthesis. The balance is maintained by feedback inhibition, where the end product inhibits the first step of the pathway. For ATP, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is inhibited when ATP levels are high, preventing further synthesis. For GTP, the enzyme guanylate cyclase is inhibited when GTP levels are high.

b. CTP and UTP: These are synthesized from UMP (uridine monophosphate). The enzyme CTP synthetase converts UTP to CTP. This enzyme is activated by GTP and inhibited by CTP, ensuring a balance between the two.

c. Purines and pyrimidines: The synthesis of these is also controlled by feedback inhibition. The first enzyme in the purine synthesis pathway, PRPP amidotransferase, is inhibited by the end products (AMP, GMP, and IMP). The first enzyme in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, is activated by ATP and inhibited by UTP. This ensures a balance between purine and pyrimidine synthesis.

3. Explain the control mechanisms that ensure balanced synthesis of: a. ATP and GTP b. CTP and UTP c. Purines and pyrimidines

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3. Explain the control mechanisms that ensure balanced synthesis of:

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