. Classical theory assumes that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions.

The classical theory of criminology posits that individuals possess free will and are capable of making rational choices. This perspective emphasizes personal responsibility, suggesting that people weigh the consequences of their actions before committing a crime. It operates on the principle that punishment should be proportionate to the crime, acting as a deterrent to future offenses. By advocating for the idea that individuals can choose right from wrong, the classical theory implies that societal structures and legal systems should focus on ensuring justice through punishment, thus reinforcing law and order.

Critics of classical theory argue that it overlooks external factors influencing behavior, such as socio-economic conditions, psychological issues, and environmental influences. While free will is a central tenet, understanding the complex interplay of these factors is vital in addressing criminal behavior comprehensively. This perspective has led to the development of further theories, such as determinism, which consider the impact of factors beyond individual control.