Discuss what are neurotransmitters, and how do they function in neural communication?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a chemical synapse, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another 'target' neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. They play a major role in everyday life and functioning.

Here's how they function in neural communication:

1. Synthesis and Storage: Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the neuron from precursors, typically amino acids, which are taken up from the blood. They are then stored in vesicles (small sacs) within the neuron.

2. Release: When an electrical signal, known as an action potential, travels down a neuron, it triggers the release of the neurotransmitters from the vesicles into the synapse, which is the tiny gap between neurons.

3. Binding to Receptors: The neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to specific receptors on the receiving neuron. This binding can either stimulate or inhibit the receiving neuron. If the signal is strong enough, the action potential continues on its path.

4. Termination: The signal is terminated to prevent ongoing effects of the neurotransmitter. This can happen in three ways: reuptake (the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the neuron that released it), degradation (enzymes break down the neurotransmitter in the synapse), or diffusion (the neurotransmitter drifts away from the synapse).

5. Reuptake or Recycling: In many cases, the neurotransmitter molecules are taken back into the neuron that released them (reuptake), where they can be reused.

This process of neurotransmission allows your brain to communicate with the rest of your body, controlling everything from muscle contraction to mood and cognition.