What respiratory structure controls breathing?

The primary respiratory structure that controls breathing is the medulla oblongata, which is located in the brainstem. The medulla oblongata contains the respiratory centers that regulate the rhythm of breathing by sending signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, prompting them to contract and relax. This automatic control is influenced by various factors, including the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood.

In addition to the medulla oblongata, the pons, which is also part of the brainstem, plays a significant role in modulating the activity of the medulla and helps ensure smooth transitions between inhalation and exhalation. Furthermore, the hypothalamus and other higher brain centers can influence breathing patterns based on emotional states, physical activity, and other conditions.

Therefore, the coordinated activity of the medulla oblongata and the pons, along with feedback from various chemoreceptors in the body, forms the overall control system for respiration.