Manuals and policy statements are referred to as:Select one:a.Upward communicationb.Horizontal communicationc.Downward communicationd.None of the above

Break Down the Problem

1. Identify what manuals and policy statements represent in the context of communication.
2. Examine the different types of communication options provided.

Relevant Concepts

1. Upward Communication: Communication that flows from subordinates to superiors.
2. Horizontal Communication: Communication between peers or colleagues at the same level.
3. Downward Communication: Communication that flows from higher levels of an organization to lower levels.

Analysis and Detail

1. Manuals and Policy Statements: These documents are typically created by higher management and are used to communicate guidelines, procedures, and expectations to employees at lower levels. They are directives that provide information from those in positions of authority.

2. Matching Options:

   • a. Upward communication: Not applicable as manuals typically don’t come from lower levels to higher.
   • b. Horizontal communication: Not applicable since these documents are not typically exchanged among peers.
   • c. Downward communication: This fits, as manuals and policy statements go from upper management to employees.

Verify and Summarize

Based on the definitions and analysis, manuals and policy statements are most aligned with the concept of downward communication, which involves transmitting information from management to subordinates.

Final Answer

c. Downward communication