Which of the following is a direct cause of species extinctiona.Habitat lossb.Modification and fragmentationc.The introduction of invasive speciesd.Hunting

All of the options listed can directly cause species extinction. Here's how:

a. Habitat Loss: When a species loses its habitat, it can no longer find the food, shelter, and resources it needs to survive. This can happen due to deforestation, urban development, agriculture, or other human activities.

b. Modification and Fragmentation: This refers to changes in a habitat that make it less suitable for the species that live there. Fragmentation can also isolate populations of a species, preventing them from interbreeding and reducing their genetic diversity.

c. The Introduction of Invasive Species: Invasive species are non-native species that can outcompete native species for resources, leading to their decline or extinction. They can also introduce new diseases to which the native species have no immunity.

d. Hunting: Overhunting can lead to a rapid decline in a species' population, leading to extinction. This is particularly true for species with slow reproduction rates that cannot recover quickly from population declines.