A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body is called a .

A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body is called a nutrient. Nutrients are substances that provide the body with the essential materials needed for growth, energy, and overall health maintenance. They can be divided into several categories, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Each type of nutrient serves specific roles within various bodily functions, such as energy production, cell repair, immune system support, and maintaining proper hydration levels. It is crucial to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients to ensure the body can perform optimally and to prevent nutritional deficiencies.