Accumulation of which of the following ions has been shown to cause muscle fatigue? Calcium. Potassium. Sodium. Hydrogen.

Breakdown of the Problem

1. Identify the ions listed in the question: Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Hydrogen.
2. Determine the role of each ion in muscle function and fatigue.
3. Research the association of these ions with muscle fatigue.

Relevant Concepts

1. Calcium is important for muscle contraction; however, its accumulation can lead to contractile dysfunction.
2. Potassium is crucial for repolarization of muscle cells; imbalances can affect excitability.
3. Sodium primarily influences the depolarization and conduction of action potentials in muscle cells.
4. Hydrogen ions are associated with acidosis which can lead to fatigue during anaerobic respiration.

Analysis and Detail

• Calcium ions play a significant role in starting the contraction process in muscles. However, excessive calcium can lead to impaired muscle relaxation, contributing to fatigue.
• Potassium is vital for the electrical gradient; its accumulation typically causes hyperpolarization and muscle weakness.
• Sodium is essential for the propagation of action potentials but does not typically lead to fatigue directly due to its accumulation.
• Hydrogen ions accumulate during high-intensity exercise, reducing pH levels in muscles, which impacts enzyme function and results in fatigue.

Verify and Summarize

Based on the physiological roles of the ions provided, research indicates that the accumulation of Hydrogen ions is directly linked to muscle fatigue due to their impact on pH levels and enzyme function.

Final Answer

The accumulation of Hydrogen ions has been shown to cause muscle fatigue.